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The Scramble for Africa: A Historical Overview of European Colonization

In the late 19th century, technological advances facilitated European expansion overseas, leading to a scramble for control over the African continent. By 1914, only Ethiopia and Liberia remained independent of European control, with the latter having strong connections to the United States.

The most significant colonial powers in Africa were Portugal, which held Angola and Mozambique; Great Britain, which controlled the Cape Colony; and France, which claimed Algeria. In the mid-19th century, European explorers mapped much of East Africa and Central Africa, marking the beginning of the Scramble for Africa.

Despite facing high mortality rates from tropical diseases such as malaria, Europeans gradually expanded their control over the continent. By the 1870s, they controlled approximately 10% of Africa, with all their territories located near the coasts. However, large parts of the continent were essentially uninhabitable for Europeans due to these health risks.

In the early days of European colonization, businessmen from Europe established small trading posts along the African coastlines. These traders seldom ventured inland, preferring to stay near the sea. Over time, however, the imperial boundaries and economic systems imposed by the Scramble began to shape the politics and economy of Africa.

The late 19th century saw a transition from 'informal imperialism' – military influence and economic dominance – to direct rule. This period was marked by considerable political rivalries between European empires, which ultimately led to the Scramble for Africa.

The Berlin Conference of 1884, which regulated European colonization and trade in Africa, is often regarded as the starting point of the Scramble. By 1914, almost 90% of Africa was under formal European control, leaving only Liberia and Ethiopia independent.

The Scramble for Africa, also known as the Partition of Africa, the Conquest of Africa, or the Rape of Africa, was a period of invasion, annexation, division, and colonization of most of Africa by seven Western European powers during an era known as New Imperialism. The legacy of this period continues to shape the politics and economy of Africa today.

Areas controlled by European colonial powers in 1913 included:

* Belgian territories (yellow)

* British territories

* French territories (blue)

* German territories (teal)

* Italian territories (lime green)

* Portuguese territories (purple)

* Spanish territories (lilac)

The Scramble for Africa was a pivotal moment in modern history, with far-reaching consequences that continue to impact the continent today.

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